Bava Metzia 180

Chapter 180

א דגנבין ארמאי ומגנחין יתהון מהו שלח להו הערמה אתעביד בהו אערימו עלייהו ויזדבנון
1 which Arameans<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [From the third century onward the Babylonian heathens, the Mandeans or Sabeans, were designated Arameans, v. Obermeyer, op. cit. p. 75.] ');"><sup>1</sup></span> steal [at the instance of the owners] and castrate?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [This was a device resorted to by Jewish owners in order to evade the relevant prohibition; Lev. XXII, 24.] ');"><sup>2</sup></span>
ב אמר רב פפא בני מערבא סברי לה כר' חידקא דאמר בני נח מצווין על הסירוס וקא עברי משום (ויקרא יט, יד) ולפני עור לא תתן מכשול
2 He replied: Since an evasion was committed with them, turn the evasion upon them [their owners], and let them be sold!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' This proves that one may not even instruct a heathen to perform that which is forbidden merely by a negative precept, as castration. ');"><sup>3</sup></span> — R. Papa replied: The Palestinian scholars<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'children of the West'. ');"><sup>4</sup></span>
ג סבר רבא למימר ימכרו לשחיטה א"ל אביי דיין שקנסת עליהם מכירה
3 hold with R. Hidka, viz., that the Noachides are themselves forbidden to practise castration, and hence he [the Israelite, in instructing the heathen to do it,] violates, Ye shall not put a stumbling block before the blind.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lev. XIX, 14. But muzzling is not forbidden to heathens. ');"><sup>5</sup></span> Now, Raba thought to interpret: They must be sold for slaughter.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which brings less than when sold for work. ');"><sup>6</sup></span>
ד פשיטא בנו גדול כי אחר דמי בנו קטן מאי רב אחי אסר ורב אשי שרי מרימר ומר זוטרא ואמרי לה הנהו תרי חסידי מחלפי אהדדי
4 Thereupon Abaye said to him: It is sufficient that you have penalised them to sell.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Without insisting that they lose part of their value. ');"><sup>7</sup></span> Now, it is obvious that an adult son is as a stranger;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' To whom it may be sold. ');"><sup>8</sup></span>
ה בעי רמי בר חמא הושיב לה קוץ בפיה מהו הושיב לה חסימה מעלייתא היא אלא ישב לה קוץ בפיה מהו
5 but what of a minor son? — R. Ahi forbade it;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' To sell them to him. ');"><sup>9</sup></span> whilst R. Ashi permitted it. Meremar and Mar Zutra — others state, certain two hasidim — 10 interchanged with each other.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., their oxen having been castrated without their knowledge (Tosaf.). ');"><sup>11</sup></span>
ו הרביץ לה ארי מבחוץ מהו הרביץ לה חסימה מעלייתא היא אלא רבץ לה ארי מבחוץ מהו העמיד בנה מבחוץ מהו היתה צמאה למים מהו פרס לה קטבליא על גבי דישה מהו
6 Rami b. Hama propounded: What if one put a thorn in its [sc. the animal's] mouth?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' To prevent it from eating; is it the equivalent of muzzling or not? ');"><sup>12</sup></span> [You ask, What] if one put [a thorn in its mouth]? Surely that is real muzzling!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Surely there can be no doubt that it is forbidden. ');"><sup>13</sup></span>
ז פשוט מהא חדא דתניא רשאי בעל פרה להרעיב פרתו כדי שתאכל מן הדישה הרבה ורשאי בעל הבית להתיר פקיע עמיר לפני הבהמה כדי שלא תאכל מן הדישה הרבה
7 — But [the problem is], what if a thorn stuck in its mouth?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Is the owner bound to remove it or not? ');"><sup>14</sup></span> [Similarly,] What if one caused a lion to lie down outside [the field in which the ox was threshing]?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Thereby frightening off the animal from eating. ');"><sup>15</sup></span>
ח שאני התם דקא אכלה איבעית אימא רשאי בעה"ב להתיר פקיע עמיר לפני בהמה מעיקרא כדי שלא תאכל הרבה מן הדישה
8 'What if one caused a lion to lie down?' Surely that is actual muzzling! — But [the problem is], What if a lion lay down outside [of its own accord]?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Is the owner bound to chase it away or not? ');"><sup>16</sup></span> What if one placed its [sc. the animal's] young outside the field?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' And the mother in her yearning toward it could not eat. Here the Talmud does not object that this is actual muzzling, because yearning is not as strong a preventive as terror. But other texts read: what if its young stationed itself, etc.? (Tosaf.) ');"><sup>17</sup></span>
ט בעא מיניה רבי יונתן מרבי סימאי חסמה מבחוץ מהו שור בדישו אמר רחמנא והא לאו בדישו הוא או דלמא לא תדוש בחסימה אמר רחמנא
9 What if it thirsted for water [and so could not eat]? What if he spread a leather cover over the grain to be threshed?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' So that it might not see the grain. ');"><sup>18</sup></span> — Solve one of these problems from the following [Baraitha]. For it has been taught: The owner of the cow<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Who hires it out. ');"><sup>19</sup></span>
י א"ל מבית אביך אתה למד (ויקרא י, ט) יין ושכר אל תשת אתה ובניך אתך בבואכם בבואכם הוא דאסור הא מישתא ומיעל שרי
10 may let it go hungry, that it should eat much of the grain it threshes; whilst on the other hand, the landowner may untie a bundle of [trodden] sheaves before the cow, that it should not eat much of the threshing!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Thus, one may do something to prevent the cow from eating, and it is assumed that this is analogous to spreading a leather over the grain. ');"><sup>20</sup></span> — There it is different, because it does eat nevertheless. Alternatively [it means], the field owner may untie a bundle of [trodden] sheaves in front of the cow before the commencement [of the threshing], so that it should not eat much of the corn that is threshed.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Whereas the problem is whether a leather may be spread when it is threshing. ');"><sup>21</sup></span>
יא (ויקרא י, י) ולהבדיל בין הקדש ובין החול אמר רחמנא אלא מה התם בשעת ביאה לא תהא שכרות הכא נמי בשעת דישה לא תהא חסימה
11 R. Jonathan asked R. Simai: What if he muzzled it outside?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., before it entered the field. ');"><sup>22</sup></span> Does Scripture mean, <i>[Thou shalt not muzzle] an ox when</i> [i.e., at the time that] <i>it thresheth</i>, href="#90b_23"&gt;<sup>23</sup> whilst this is not [done] when it thresheth? Or perhaps Scripture meant, Thou shalt not thresh with a muzzled ox? — He replied: You may learn from your father's house.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., from the law appertaining to priests, R. Jonathan being one. [The reference is to R. Jonathan b. Joseph, the Tanna, a disciple of R. Ishmael, and not to R. Jonathan. the disciple of R. Hiyya, who certainly was no priest; v. Sanh. 71a. The question he put to R. Simai who, as a younger contemporary of Rabbi was considerably his junior, would then be merely to test him. It is, however, preferable to read with MS. Venice, 'R. Simeon (b. Yohai)' instead of 'R. Simai'; v. Hyman Toledoth, II. p. 698.] ');"><sup>24</sup></span>
יב תנו רבנן החוסם את הפרה והמזווג בכלאים פטור ואינו לוקה אלא דש ומנהיג בלבד
12 <i>Do not drink wine or strong drink, thou, nor thy sons with thee, when ye enter</i> [into the tabernacle etc.].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lev. X, 9. ');"><sup>25</sup></span> Now, is it forbidden only when ye enter, yet one may drink before and then enter? But Scripture saith, <i>And that ye may put difference between holy and unholy</i>!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. 20; and for that it does not signify whether one drinks before entering or after. ');"><sup>26</sup></span>
יג איתמר חסמה בקול והנהיגה בקול ר' יוחנן אמר חייב ריש לקיש אמר פטור רבי יוחנן אמר חייב עקימת פיו הויא מעשה ריש לקיש אמר פטור קלא לא הוי מעשה
13 Hence, just as there, when the priest has entered there must be no drunkenness, so here too: when threshing, the ox must not be in a muzzled state. Our Rabbis taught: He who muzzles an ox or harnesses together [two] heterogeneous animals<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' But leaves them for another to plough with. ');"><sup>27</sup></span>
יד איתיביה רבי יוחנן לריש לקיש
14 is exempt [from punishment], and only he who threshes or drives them is flagellated.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Tosef. Kel. V. ');"><sup>28</sup></span> It has been stated: If one frightened it off<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'muzzled it'. ');"><sup>29</sup></span> with his voice, or drove them [sc. the yoke of heterogeneous animals] with his voice: R. Johanan held him liable to punishment, the movement of the lips being an action; Resh Lakish ruled that he is not, because [the use of] the voice is not an action.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Punishment is incurred for the violation of a negative precept only when it entails a positive action, and R. Johanan and Resh Lakish dispute whether speech is such. ');"><sup>30</sup></span> R. Johanan raised an objection to Resh Lakish: